Word acting as a modifier for verb in a Punjabi sentence will be termed as adverb.
Unlike adjectives, adverbs can virtually be used at any place in Punjabi sentences, though not in nominal phrases. Adverbs can indicate time/duration, place or direction, manner, reason, instrumental, purpose, degree/intensity of the verb.
For example, ਉੱਪਰ uppar ‘upon’, ਉੱਤੇ
uttē ‘over’, ਹੇਠਾਂ hēṭhāṃ ‘below’, ਕਦੇ kadē
‘sometime’, ਅੱਜ ajj ‘today’, ਕਿਧਰੇ kidharē ‘somewhere’ are
some Punjabi adverbs.
Types
On the basis of function, Adverbs can be grouped into following subclasses: adverbs of time/duration, adverbs of place or direction, adverbs of manner, adverbs of instrumental, adverbs of purpose, adverbs of comitative and adverbs of degree/intensity.
Despite function, adverbs can be classified by form. On the basis of form, adverbs can be classified into the following subclasses:-
Basic or non-derived adverbs:
Basic or non-derived adverbs may be either pure adverbs or noun/adjective adverbs.
For example:-
ਹੁਣ
huṇ
now
ਸਦਾ
sadā
always
ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾਂ
hamēshāṃ
for ever
ਵਧੀਆ
vadhīā
well, good
ਚੰਗੀ
caṅgī
good
Derived adverbs:
Derived adverbs are formed by adding the adverbial suffixes to the base form of the demonstrative, relative, correlative and interrogative pronouns. The following adverbs are the derived adverbs from these pronominal subclasses:-
.
ਇੱਥੇ, ਉੱਥੇ, ਜਿੱਥੇ, ਕਿੱਥੇ
itthē, utthē, jitthē, kitthē
here, there, where, where/at what place?
ਇੱਥੋਂ, ਉੱਥੋਂ, ਜਿੱਥੋਂ, ਕਿੱਥੋਂ
itthōṃ, utthōṃ, jitthōṃ, kitthōṃ
from here, from there, from where, from where/wherefrom?
ਇੱਧਰ, ਉੱਧਰ, ਜਿੱਧਰ, ਕਿੱਧਰ
iddhar, uddhar, jiddhar, kiddhar
this way, that way, whither, on which way?
ਇਵੇਂ, ਉਵੇਂ, ਜਿਵੇਂ, ਕਿਵੇਂ
ivēṃ, uvēṃ, jivēṃ, kivēṃ
in this way, in that way/likewise, as, how?
Phrasal adverbs:
The phrasal adverbials are formed by adding a simple or compound postposition to a noun. For example :-
ਘਰ ਦੇ ਅੱਗੇ
ghar dē aggē
in front of the house
ਘਰ ਦੇ ਬਾਹਰ
ghar dē bāhar
outside the house
ਦੁਕਾਨ ਦੇ ਕੋਲ਼
dukān dē kōḷ
near the shop
ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ
is tōṃ pahilāṃ
before this
Reduplicated adverbs:
The reduplicated adverbs are employed to express intensity and distribution. The reduplicated adverbs are :-
ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ
khushī khushī
happily, gladly
ਹੌਲ਼ੀ ਹੌਲ਼ੀ
hauḷī hauḷī
slowly
ਕਦ ਕਦ
kad kad
when
ਤੇਜ ਤੇਜ
tēj tēj
fast, swiftly
Clausal adverbs:
The clausal adverbials involve finite relative adverbial clauses as well as non-finite participle and infinitival clauses. For example :-
1. ਉਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਘਰ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ।
2. ਉਹਦੇ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆ ਜਾਓ।
3. ਉਹਦੇ ਆਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਚਲੇ ਜਾਣਾ।
In these sentences ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ, ਉਹਦੇ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ and ਉਹਦੇ ਆਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ are the examples of clausal adverbs.
some examples of clausal adverbs are:
ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ
is to pahla
before that
ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ
kam karke
after working
ਕੁੱਝ ਦਿਨ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ
kuj din pehla
a few days ago
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ
kal
tomarrow
The three particles ਹੀ, ਵੀ and ਤੇ can co-occur with an adverb or a noun to render an adverbial reading.
Adverb of Place – This shows where
an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "Where?"
Such adverbs are placed before the verb.
ਬੱਚਾ ਥੱਲੇ ਡਿੱਗ ਪਇਆ .
ਬੱਚੇ ਕੋਠੇ ਉੱਪਰ ਖੇਡਦੇ ਹਨ ।
ਥੱਲੇ
thale
down
ਉੱਪਰ
upar
up
ਦੂਰ
door
away
ਅੰਦਰ
andar
in
Adverb of Manner – This shows how an action or something is
done. It answers the question "How?" The adverb is placed just
before the verb when it is used in a sentence.
